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Abstract
Despite the immunogenicity of vaccines currently used in poultry, several pathogens, including avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV), cause enormous economic losses to the global poultry industry. The efficacy of vaccines can be improved by the introduction of effective adjuvants. This study evaluated a novel water-in-oil emulsion adjuvant, CAvant® WO-60, which effectively enhanced both the immunogenicity of conserved influenza antigen sM2HA2 and inactivated whole H9N2 antigen (iH9N2). CAvant® WO-60 induced both humoral and cell-mediated immunity in mice and provided 100% protection from challenge with 10 LD50 of A/Aquatic bird/Korea/W81/2005 (H5N2) and A/Chicken/Korea/116/2004 (H9N2) AIV. Importantly, immunization of chickens with iH9N2 plus inactivated NDV LaSota (iNDV) bivalent inactivated vaccine emulsified in CAvant® WO-60 induced seroprotective levels of antigen-specific antibody responses. Taken together, these results suggested that CAvant® WO-60 is a promising adjuvant for poultry vaccines.
Highlights
Avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) are two of the diseases that affect poultry, causing enormous economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide [1]
Serum samples collected immediately before immunization and 7 and 21 days after the first immunization were subjected to indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) using purified sM2 and HA2 (sM2HA2) and inactivated whole H9N2 antigen (iH9N2) as the coating antigens (Figure 1A)
Anti-sM2HA2 IgG antibody titers were significantly higher in the sera of mice immunized with sM2HA2 emulsified in CAvant R WO-60 than in the sera of mice immunized with sM2HA2 alone (Figures 1B,C)
Summary
Avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) are two of the diseases that affect poultry, causing enormous economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide [1]. AI results from infection with avian influenza viruses (AIVs), which belong to the genus Influenza virus A and the family Orthomyxoviridae [2]. Infection of poultry with AIVs can be asymptomatic, it can induce various symptoms of disease, including respiratory illnesses, reduced egg production, and severe systemic diseases with near 100% mortality rates [3, 4]. ND results from infection with avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1), called Newcastle disease virus (NDV). This virus belongs to the genus Avulavirus and the family Paramyxoviridae. NDV infection can be asymptomatic in poultry, but it can induce disease symptoms, including depression, prostration, diarrhea, and nervous signs, with nearly 100% mortality rates [6]. Based on the clinical signs in infected chickens, CAvant® WO-60 Adjuvant for Poultry Vaccine
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