Abstract
Background and PurposeRefractive errors that deviate from the expected are unusual in children. This paper sought to identify systemic, orbital, and ocular causes of some of these abnormal refractive errors.MethodsCauses of abnormal refractive errors are divided into external/orbital, anterior ocular, and posterior ocular. The mechanism of the induced refractive error is identified.ResultsAbnormal refractive errors occur in association with compression of the globe or cornea, visual deprivation, changes in the cornea or lens, and/or genetic factors.ConclusionsRecognition of the relationships between refractive errors and systemic, orbital, and ocular disorders helps in understanding why excessive refractive errors develop, in making the correct diagnosis, and in counseling parents.
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