Abstract
To review the Speech-Language Pathology literature studies from the epidemiology and causality perspective. A national and international literature survey was carried out with searches from PubMed, SciELO and gray literature bases, conducted according to the instructions of the Cochrane Collaboration and published until January 9th, 2019. The review guiding question asks if Speech-Language Pathology uses methods in their evidence to infer causality. All studies that presented a causal epidemiological approach in speech therapy were included, as well as excluded those that did not present an appropriate methodological approach for cause and effect analysis. Two authors of this study independently reviewed all citations. A priori determined form was used to extract the following data: author, year of publication, country of origin, theoretical conception, application or not of the study and central discussion addressed in the article. From the search performed 3842 articles were found. However, none of them investigated their outcomes from the causality point of view, not allowing cause and effect inference. There is a shortage of studies that evidence causality in Speech-Language Pathology, which may alter the effectiveness and reliable handling of diagnosis and speech-language therapy, since it is still based on association and not on cause and effect based on studies designed to that.
Highlights
RESEARCH STRATEGYSince long time ago, man has been concerned with unveiling the cause and effect relationship between the ordinary phenomena of life
Causality is the subject of study by epidemiologists and statisticians, conceptualized as a universal phenomenon that investigates the relationship between cause and effect in the same outcome if repeated[1]
Causality is defined as the connection between the two processes, in which the first process is responsible for the occurrence of the second, or the presence of A causes B(2,3), considering that every fact has a cause, and this cause produces the same effect under the same condition[4,5]
Summary
Man has been concerned with unveiling the cause and effect relationship between the ordinary phenomena of life. To obtain an effective intervention to prevent the disease, it was necessary to know the distribution of cases in space and time (of occurrence), as well as the characteristics of the patients[7,8] According to this understanding, the association between epidemiological studies and economic, cultural, demographic, and social factors, called as health determinants are the government’s responsibility, and the therapeutic practices should be collective. The association between epidemiological studies and economic, cultural, demographic, and social factors, called as health determinants are the government’s responsibility, and the therapeutic practices should be collective Another relevant aspect in the evolution of understanding and the application of knowledge of causality as conceived in this century are the concepts of uni-causality and multi-causality, which play an important role in determining and combating diseases and complications[9].
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