Causal Association of Arterial Stiffness With the Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract

BackgroundPrevious studies on the direction of the association between arterial stiffness (AS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) were inconsistent, leaving a knowledge gap in understanding the temporal sequence of the association. ObjectivesThis study sought to assess the temporal and longitudinal relationship between AS and CKD. MethodsThe temporal relationship between AS measured by brachial ankle pulse wave velocity and CKD measured by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was analyzed among 7,753 participants with repeated examinations in the Kailuan study using cross-lagged panel analysis. The longitudinal associations of AS status and vascular aging (VA) phenotype with incident CKD were analyzed among 10,535 participants. ResultsThe adjusted cross-lagged path coefficient (β1 = −0.03; 95% CI: −0.06 to −0.01; P < 0.0001) from baseline brachial ankle pulse wave velocity to follow-up eGFR was significantly greater than the path coefficient (β2 = −0.01; 95% CI: −0.02 to 0.01; P = 0.6202) from baseline eGFR to follow-up brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (P < 0.0001 for the difference). During a median follow-up of 8.48 years, 953 cases of incident CKD (9.05%) occurred. After adjustment for confounders, borderline (HR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.08-1.38) and elevated AS (HR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.12-1.72) was associated a higher risk of CKD, compared with normal AS. Consistently, supernormal VA (HR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.66-0.86) was associated with a decreased and early VA (HR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.29-1.43) was associated with an increased risk of CKD, compared with normal VA. ConclusionsAS appeared to precede the decrease in eGFR. Additionally, increased AS and early VA were associated with an increased risk of incident CKD.