Abstract
ABSTRACTFollowing the personal history of one individual, this chapter aims to highlight the fears, hopes and considerations of trans-border Buryat–Mongols ‘caught between States’ during the ideological, political and territorial splits of the 1920–1940s in North Asia. Through discussion of the life of General Urjin Garmaev and his changing loyalties I show how investigating loyalty introduces a new framework for understanding the relationship between emigrant groups and the political interactions of the Soviet Union, Mongolian People’s Republic and Manchukuo. Rival states manipulated frontier populations and used their intense cross-border kinship ties for military tactics and spying. This culminated dramatically in 1939 when Buryat soldiers (all from one small area) found themselves fighting against each other in three different armies at the battle of Khalkhin Gol / Nomonhan.
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