Cationization of a monoclonal antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus REV protein enhances cellular uptake but does not impair antigen binding of the antibody

Abstract

Replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) within cells may be blocked by neutralization of viral-specific proteins that are absolutely required for growth of the virus. One such viral-specific protein is REV, and a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the REV protein is a potential therapeutic for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, in order to effect ‘intracellular immunization’, mAbs must be enabled to target the intracellular compartment. One strategy for transcellular drug delivery of mAb-based therapeutics is cationization, and the present studies describe the cationization of a murine mAb specific to the REV protein of HIV-1. The isoelectric point (pI) of the mAb was raised from 6.6 to more than 9.5. There was virtually no difference in binding to wild-type REV protein between the native or cationized anti-REV mAb, based on studies with a solid-phase immunoradiometric assay. The uptake of the [ 125I] native anti-REV mAb by human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) was negligible; however, there was a marked increase in both total cell binding and endocytosis by the human PBLs of the [ 125I] cationized anti-REV mAb. In conclusion, these studies show that an anti-REV mAb may be cationized to markedly increase endocytosis of the antibody and that this cationization reaction does not significantly alter the affinity of the antibody for its target protein. Cationized anti-REV mAbs may allow for intracellular immunization of the virus and are potential therapeutics for the treatment of HIV.