Cationic Polyrotaxanes as Gene Carriers: Physicochemical Properties and Real-Time Observation of DNA Complexation, and Gene Transfection in Cancer Cells

Abstract

Cationic polymers have been studied as promising nonviral gene delivery vectors. In contrast to the conventional polycations with long sequences of covalently bonded repeating units, we have developed a series of novel cationic polyrotaxanes consisting of multiple oligoethyleneimine-grafted beta-cyclodextrin rings threaded on a poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(propylene glycol)-poly(ethylene glycol) triblock copolymer chain. In this study, these cationic polyrotaxanes with different oligoethyleneimine chain lengths were investigated for DNA binding ability, cytotoxicity, and gene transfection efficiency in cancer cells. Fluorescent titration assay results indicated that all the polyrotaxanes could completely condense plasmid DNA and form stable complexes at N/P ratio of 2, where the N/P ratio is the molar ration of amine groups in the cationic molecule to phosphate groups in the DNA. Particularly, tapping mode AFM imaging in aqueous environment was conducted to observe the morphology of the polyrotaxane/DNA complexes and their formation processes in real time. In both SK-OV-3 and PC3 cancer cells, these polyrotaxanes showed low cytotoxicity and high transfection efficiency which is comparable to or significantly higher than that of high molecular weight branched polyethylenimine (25 kDa), one of the most effective gene-delivery polymers studied to date. In addition, the synthesized polyrotaxanes displayed sustained gene delivery capability in PC3 cells in the presence or absence of serum. Therefore, these cationic polyrotaxanes with strong DNA binding ability, low cytotoxicity, and high and sustained gene delivery capability have a high potential as novel nonviral gene carriers in clinical cancer gene therapy.