Abstract
Mirror-elicited aggressive displaying was observed in isolated male Betta splendens. Epinephrine and norepinephrine both suppressed aggressive displaying, compared with controls in sodium chloride solution or plain water. Subsequent group dominance encounters indicated that fish which displayed most in water, sodium chloride solution, or in catechol amines were dominant in groups of five fish. This was not true in dominance hierarchies based on paired, round-robin encounters. The third experiment showed that dominance-submission relations between pairs of fish were highly stable; epinephrine had the effect of making some dominant subjects appear and behave like all submissive fish in that they paled and did not display to live submissive opponents. Such dominant fish were however still able to assert their dominance by consistently chasing their opponents.
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