Abstract
Catechins are natural polyphenolic phytochemicals that exist in food and medicinal plants, such as tea, legume and rubiaceae. An increasing number of studies have associated the intake of catechins-rich foods with the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases in humans, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Some studies have demonstrated that catechins could significantly inhibit the excessive oxidative stress through direct or indirect antioxidant effects and promote the activation of the antioxidative substances such as glutathione peroxidases (GPO) and glutathione (GSH), reducing the oxidative damages to the colon. In addition, catechins can also regulate the infiltration and proliferation of immune related-cells, such as neutrophils, colonic epithelial cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes, helping reduce the inflammatory relations and provide benefits to IBD. Perhaps catechins can further inhibit the deterioration of intestinal lesions through regulating the cell gap junctions. Furthermore, catechins can exert their significant anti-inflammatory properties by regulating the activation or deactivation of inflammation-related oxidative stress-related cell signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), signal transducer and the activator of transcription 1/3 (STAT1/3) pathways. Finally, catechins can also stabilize the structure of the gastrointestinal micro-ecological environment via promoting the proliferation of beneficial intestinal bacteria and regulating the balance of intestinal flora, so as to relieve the IBD. Furthermore, catechins may regulate the tight junctions (TJ) in the epithelium. This paper elaborates the currently known possible molecular mechanisms of catechins in favor of IBD.
Highlights
30 μM of EGCG, 3 μM of EGC, 2 μM of epicatechin gallate (ECG), and 1.4 μM of EC, either alone or in combination, present marked immunomodulatory actions by regulation of inflammatory cytokines, reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and migration of neutrophils [61], and relevant evidence has indicated that the pro-inflammatory capacity may exceed the benefits on gut inflammation in the application of high concentration of catechins [30]
Therapeutic Benefits of Catechins to Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). It has not yet been entirely made clear that the mechanisms by which catechins benefit It has not yet been entirely made clear that the mechanisms by which catechins benefit inflammatory diseases, such as IBD, while human experiments demonstrating that catechins can inflammatory diseases, such as IBD, while human experiments demonstrating that catechins can improve IBD are still scarce so far
The results provided new evidence that HO-1 induction was involved in ERK1/2 signal-mediated cross-talk between NF-κB and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) transcriptional activity, suggesting that NF-κB-regulated pro-inflammatory signaling was related to upstream p38, Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK), and PI3k/Akt pathways, which occurred earlier than Nrf2/ARE-regulated antioxidant signaling under LPS-stimulated oxidative stress by enhancing NF-κB and disrupting the keap1-Nrf2 [58]
Summary
IBD, which contains two major manifestations, namely ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) [1], refers to idiopathic gut chronic inflammatory disease. A population-based study has indicated that the widely-used first-line therapies, corticosteroids (CSs), can merely help a part of IBD patients who needed CSs to achieve remission, compared with 16% who failed to respond to CSs. over time, a prolonged response or steroid dependence will appear [24]. Catechins, including some kinds of polyphenols, have gained increasing attention over the past few years [8,9,14,28] Owing to their potential for anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and anti-bacterial activities, they contribute to the remission of IBD. Afor human study about the effects of polyphenon Owing to their potential anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and anti-bacterial activities,green they tea preparation ofIBD. The main of catechins in IBD according to this article
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