Abstract
BackgroundNeurotrauma is a worldwide public health problem which can be divided into primary and secondary damge. The primary damge is caused by external forces and triggers the overproduction of peroxides and superoxides, leading to long-lasting secondary damage including oxidative stress, wound infection and immunological reactions. The emerging catalysts have shown great potential in the treatment of brain injury and neurogenic inflammation, but are limited to biosafety issues and delivery efficiency.ResultsHerein, we proposed the noninvasive delivery route to brain trauma by employing highly active gold clusters with enzyme-like activity to achieve the early intervention. The decomposition rate to H2O2 of the ultrasmall gold clusters is 10 times that of glassy carbon (GC) electrodes, indicating excellent catalytic activity. The gold clusters can relieve the oxidative stress and decrease the excessive O2·− and H2O2 both in vitro and in vivo. Besides, gold clusters can accelerate the wound healing of brain trauma and alleviate inflammation via inhibiting the activation of astrocytes and microglia through noninvasive adminstration. decrease the peroxide and superoxide of brain tissue.ConclusionsPresent work shows noninvasive treatment is a promising route for early intervention of brain trauma.
Highlights
Neurotrauma is a worldwide public health problem which can be divided into primary and secondary damge
The hydrodynamic sizes determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) were 1.98, 1.92 and 2.58 nm for Au25, Au24Cd1 and Au24Cu1, respectively, a little larger than the statistical diameter of transmission electron microscopic (TEM)
The concentration Cd and Cu elements in A u24Cd1 and A u24Cu1 clusters account for 3% and 5% of the total metal as determined by an accurate inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively, further confirming the single-atom substitution in Au25 clusters (Additional file 1: Fig. S1)
Summary
Neurotrauma is a worldwide public health problem which can be divided into primary and secondary damge. The primary damge is caused by external forces and triggers the overproduction of peroxides and superox‐ ides, leading to long-lasting secondary damage including oxidative stress, wound infection and immunological reac‐ tions. Metallic oxide and alloys like Pt, Pd, Cr, V and Ce possess high enzymatic activities, beneficial for TBI treatment [12, 14, 15, 18, 23, 24]. The gold clusters show controllable modulation in catalytic activity and selectivity, which can be improved by increasing the atomic utilization efficiency at atomic levels as well as atomic engineering via atom manipulation [26]. Gold clusters possess activities like SOD, CAT and GPx enzymes, performing significant antioxidant effects in TBI treatment [26, 28,29,30,31]. The noninvasive methods for TBI treatment are still highly challenged
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