Catalytic removal of harmful volatile organic compounds by reutilizing zinc rods waste from spent batteries as a palladium catalyst support

Abstract

The emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has led to significant deterioration in air quality, making it imperative to ensure that these compounds are removed from emission sources before they are released into the atmosphere. In this context, the present study recycled spent primary batteries to use their zinc rods waste (ZRW) as a palladium catalyst support for the removal of harmful VOCs. To this end, palladium supported on ZRW (Pd/ZRW) catalysts were prepared and tested for the catalytic oxidation of benzene, methylbenzene and 1,2-dimethylbenzene. The physicochemical properties of the Pd/ZRW catalysts were carefully characterized by ICP-OES, BET, SEM, XRD, FE-TEM, XPS, and H2-TPR analyses. The main component of ZRW was identified as ZnO. Consistent with expectations, increases in the loading of Pd from 0.1 to 1.0 wt% in the Pd/ZRW catalysts resulted in enhanced VOCs removal efficiency. The reaction temperature required for the complete oxidation (100% removal efficiency) of methylbenzene and 1,2-dimethylbenzene on the 1.0 wt% Pd/ZRW catalyst was below 340 °C at a gas hourly space velocity of 50,000 h−1. TEM, XPS, and H2-TPR results implied that the enhancement of catalytic activity with the addition of Pd could be attributed to the readily movable surface lattice oxygen as well as the active component (Pd species). Ultimately, ZRW of spent primary batteries appear to show promise as a catalyst support for VOCs removal. This study has introduced a novel strategy for reducing air pollutants by utilizing waste, which promotes the disposal of hazardous solid waste and ensures clean air quality.