Catalytic Production of Levulinic Acid (LA) from Actual Biomass.

Michela Signoretto,Elena Ghedini,Federica Menegazzo,Somayeh Taghavi

doi:10.3390/molecules24152760

Michela Signoretto, Elena Ghedini + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24152760

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Abstract

Catalytic conversion of actual biomass to valuable chemicals is a crucial issue in green chemistry. This review discusses on the recent approach in the levulinic acid (LA) formation from three prominent generations of biomasses. Our paper highlights the impact of the nature of different types of biomass and their complex structure and impurities, different groups of catalyst, solvents, and reaction system, and condition and all related pros and cons for this process.

Highlights

Amonnggtthheechchalallelnegnignigngissisuseusetshatht hatumhuamnsaanrse astrreugstgrluinggglwinigthwinitthhein21tshtece2n1tsutryc,eCnltiumrya,teCclhimanagte achndanEgneeargnydsEecnuerigty asreecucorintsyidaerreecdoansstihdermedosatsimthpeomrtaonst iismsupeosrthanat niseseudetsotbheatadndeeredsstoedb[e1]a.dWdritehsstehde r[1a]p.iWd ditehptlheteiornapoifdfodsespillfeutieolns, oinftfeorsnsailtifounealsl,aitntetmerpntatoiornaaisleathteemupset toof reaniseewthabelueseenoerfgryensuewchaabslebeionmeragsys hsuacshgraesabtliyominacsrseahsaesdg[r2e–a4t]ly
First generation of biomass consisting starchy and sugary biomass can be converted to LA during several steps: (1) the hydrolysis of starch or sugar as a polysaccharide to glucose catalyzed by a Brønsted acid; (2) isomerization of glucose to fructose by using a Lewis acid; (3) dehydration of fructose to 5-HMF catalyzed by bifunctional acid; and, (4) rehydration of 5-HMF to LA catalyzed by Brønsted acid
There are some unavoidable byproducts when the reaction is catalyzed by acid catalyst in which the type of byproducts depends on the type of biomass, catalyst, solvent, and reaction condition

Summary

Introduction

Amonnggtthheechchalallelnegnignigngissisuseusetshatht hatumhuamnsaanrse astrreugstgrluinggglwinigthwinitthhein21tshtece2n1tsutryc,eCnltiumrya,teCclhimanagte achndanEgneeargnydsEecnuerigty asreecucorintsyidaerreecdoansstihdermedosatsimthpeomrtaonst iismsupeosrthanat niseseudetsotbheatadndeeredsstoedb[e1]a.dWdritehsstehde r[1a]p.iWd ditehptlheteiornapoifdfodsespillfeutieolns, oinftfeorsnsailtifounealsl ,aitntetmerpntatoiornaaisleathteemupset toof reaniseewthabelueseenoerfgryensuewchaabslebeionmeragsys hsuacshgraesabtliyominacsrseahsaesdg[r2e–a4t]ly. (ii) Second gaenndersapteicoifnic obifombiaossmcarospss.isMnosotno-ffoboiodmcasrsoeps sinsuthcihs gaesnewratoioond,aroe rcgoannsiidcerwedasatse,thefood crop waste, anldignsopceeclliufilocsibciboiommaassss. (iii) Third generation of biomass comes from algae. The reaction of LA production from three different generations of biomass is consecutive and usually includes three general steps (see Figure 3):. (i) pretreatment of biomass to extract polysaccharides, (ii) hydrolysis of polysaccharides into monosaccharides such as hexoses and pentoses, and pentoses, (iii) conversion of monosaccharides to LA during several steps [31]. (i) pretreatment of biomass to extract polysaccharides, (ii) hydrolysis of polysaccharides into monosaccharides such as hexoses and pentoses, and Moleculpese2n0t1o9s, 2e4s,,2760 (iii) conversion of monosaccharides to LA during several steps [31]. AAltlhthoouugghhsseevveerraall rreesseeaarrcchhees have been uunnddeerrttaakkeennoonnththeetatailiolorereddacaicdidcactaatlaylzyezdedhyhdyrdorloylsyisiosf obfiobmioamssa,ssa,nadndthtihsisinitnetreersetstcocnotnitniuneusestotorirsieseiinn tthhee recenntt years, few rreevviieeww ppaappeerrss hhaavveebbeeeenn ppuubblilsishheeddrreeggaarrddininggththeessyynnththeessisisooffLLAAfrforommrereaal lbbioiommaass,s,eessppeecciaiallylyfofoccuussininggoonnuussininggththrreee ddiffifefererennttggeenneeraratitoionnooffbbioiommaassseessaassaafefededstsotockck, ,ininccluluddininggsstatarcrchhyy, ,lilgignnooseselllululolossicic, ,aannddmmaarirninee bbioiommaassseess[4[4,3,33,3,344].].TThhuuss,,iinntthhiissrreevviieeww, ,wweeffooccuussoonnddiifffeferreennttbbioiommaasssccaateteggoorireiessaanndduussininggccaatatalylysststs ininththeerreeaal lbbioiommaasssccoonnvveerrssioionnaannddththeepprorodduucctitoionnooffoonneeooffththeevvaaluluaabblelecchheemmicicaal,l,nnaammeeddLLAA, ,bbaasseedd oonnrerecceennt tyyeeaarsr’s’stsutuddieies.s

LA Production from First Generation of Biomass

LA Production from Third Generation of Biomass

Findings

Conclusions