Abstract
Membrane filtration has been widely used in water and wastewater treatment. However, this process is not very effective for the removal of refractory organic compounds (e.g., of pharmaceutical origin). Coupling membrane filtration with ozonation (or other Advanced Oxidation Methods) can enhance the degradation of these compounds and, subsequently, the incidence of membrane fouling (i.e., the major problem of membrane uses) would be also limited. Ozonation is an efficient oxidative process, although ozone is considered to be a rather selective oxidant agent and sometimes it presents quite low mineralization rates. An improvement of this advanced oxidation process is catalytic ozonation, which can decrease the by-product formation via the acceleration of hydroxyl radicals production. The hydroxyl radicals are unselective oxidative species, presenting high reaction constants with organic compounds. An efficient way to couple membrane filtration with catalytic ozonation is the deposition of an appropriate solid catalyst onto the membrane surface. However, it must be noted that only metal oxides have been used as catalysts in this process, while the membrane material can be of either polymeric or ceramic origin. The relevant studies regarding the application of polymeric membranes are rather scarce, because only a few polymeric materials can be ozone-resistant and the deposition of metal oxides on their surface presents several difficulties (e.g., affinity etc.). The respective literature about catalytic membrane ozonation is quite limited; however, some studies have been performed concerning membrane fouling and the degradation of micropollutants, which will be presented in this review. From the relevant results it seems that this hybrid process can be an efficient technology both for the reduction of fouling occurrence as well as of enhancement of micropollutant removal, when compared to the application of single filtration or ozonation.
Highlights
Water is a key issue for the development of nations worldwide
Ozone can participate into the respective oxidation reactions via two major routes, i.e., (1) it can directly react with the pollutants, or (2) it can be decomposed into hydroxyl radicals and these reactive species can react with the contaminants [35]
To deal with this problem in recent years ceramic membranes have been coupled with the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), such as photo-catalytic and catalytic ozonation
Summary
Water is a key issue for the development of nations worldwide. many freshwater sources are contaminated and in some cases this contamination is considered to be irreversible. Millions of people die annually from diseases transmitted using led to efforts for further decontamination of waters that previously were considered to be clean [2] In both industrialized and developing countries, a growing number of contaminants. More effective and are continuously entering water sources, mainly due to human activities These substances can the be, lower cost decontamination and disinfection methods are needed without further stressing e.g., heavy metals, distillates [2], or micropollutants (MPs), such as pharmaceuticals, perfluorinated environment or endangering human health by the application of treatment itself. In recent years, Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have easy maintenance; (2) compact modular construction; (3) low chemical content in the treated proved to be effective technologies for water treatment, and especially for the removal effluent; and (4) high separation efficiency. The major features of catalytic membranes and their applications in ozonation
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