Catalytic Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Penicillin Residue for the Production of Bio-Oil over Different Homogeneous/Heterogeneous Catalysts

Yi Xing,Jiashuo Hu,Zaixing Li,Jian Yang,Yifei Li,Zhiqiang Wang,Yijie Wang,Yanxiao Si,Lihui Feng,Chen Hong

doi:10.3390/catal11070849

Abstract

In this study, penicillin residue (PR) was used to prepare bio-oil by hydrothermal liquefaction. The effects of homogeneous (organic acid and alkaline catalysts) and heterogeneous catalysts (zeolite molecular sieve) on the yield and properties of bio-oil were investigated. The results show that there are significant differences in the catalytic performance of the catalysts. The effect of homogeneous catalysts on the bio-oil yield was not significant, which only increased from 26.09 (no catalysts) to 31.44 wt.% (Na2CO3, 8 wt.%). In contrast, heterogeneous catalysts had a more obvious effect, and the oil yield reached 36.44 wt.% after adding 5 wt.% MCM-48. Increasing the amount of catalyst enhanced the yield of bio-oil, but excessive amounts of catalyst led to a secondary cracking reaction, resulting in a reduction in bio-oil. Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction reduced the contents of heteroatoms (oxygen, mainly), slightly increased the contents of C and H in the bio-oil and increased the higher heating value (HHV) and energy recovery (ER) of bio-oil. FTIR and GC-MS analyses showed that the addition of catalysts was beneficial in increasing hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing hydrocarbons in bio-oil and reducing the proportion of nitrogen-containing substances. Comprehensive analyses of the distribution of aromatic, nitrogen-containing and oxygen-containing components in bio-oil were also performed. This work is beneficial for further research on the preparation of bio-oil by hydrothermal liquefaction of antibiotic fermentation residue.

Highlights

Energy is an important material basis for the survivability and development of a modern society
Iinntthheecraasnegoef hoef t8e9r.o8g1e–n9e0o.1u5s%ca.tWalyhsetsn, tuhseinygieMldCofMb-i4o8-o(ibl iion-coreilayseiedldto 31.91–3 36.44%), there wawst.a%3,9a.6n7d%thineccroeansveercsoimonpraarteedwtoasthien stihtueartaionngewoifth8o9u.8t1t–h9e0.u1s5e%o.fWcahteanlysutssing MCM (bio-oil yield 26.0(b9i%o-)o, ial yreielaldtiv36e.l4y4o%b)v, tiohuerseiwncarseaas3e9i.n67t%heinycireeldas.e compared to the situation without use of catalysts, a relatively obvious increase in the yield
A similar catalytic activity sequence has been reported in other studies [9,16]

Summary

Introduction

Energy is an important material basis for the survivability and development of a modern society. AR is rich in organic matter such as proteins, lipids and polysaccharides, and its higher heating value (HHV) is similar to that of low-rank coal, making it an attractive biomass material with a great energy potential [2] Thermochemical methods such as pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction can be utilized to produce bio-oil from AR. In order to solve the problems discussed, researchers have carried out research on catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction [3,5,6,7] Results show that both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts can reduce the activation energy of hydrothermal liquefaction, promote the hydrolysis and decomposition of organic matter in biomass and improve the liquefaction performance of biomass. T study will be beneficial to further research on the resource and energy utilization of A

Results and Discussion

Analysis of Element Composition and HHV of Bio-Oil

Analysis of Main Functional Groups of Bio-Oil

Length Distribution of Carbon Chain of Components in Bio-Oil

Distribution of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Bio-Oil

Distribution of Nitrogen-Containing Compounds in Bio-Oil

Raw Materials

GC-MS Analysis

FTIR Analysis

Conclusions