Abstract
The roles of catalyst acidity and basicity playing in catalytic conversion of oleic acid were studied in a fixed-bed micro-reactor at atmospheric pressure. The chemical compositions of the petroleum-like products were obtained and the reaction pathways of different catalysts are discussed. The metal oxides are suitable for upgrading oleic acid into organic liquid products (OLPs). Over 98% oxygen was removed when CaO, MgO, and TiO2 were implemented, whereas a minimum oxygen removal lower than 20% was obtained by using quartz. The oxygen removal was 73% by alumina; however, the light oil yield (to feed) and the valuable product yield received were the highest in all investigated catalysts. The hydrocarbons in OLPs, overwhelmingly presenting in the product, were found to be alkenes and cycloalkenes, followed by saturated hydrocarbons, and then aromatics lower than 4%. For Lewis acidic catalysts, higher acidity of the catalyst is beneficial to deoxygenation but also secondary cracking. CaO has higher dehydrogenation capability than MgO does.
Highlights
With the development of the economy, the consumption of crude oil and its products keeps increasing
The results indicated that at 470 ◦ C with quartz, the conversion of oleic acid to the anhydrides was low, which resulted in the lack of ketones in the organic liquid products (OLPs) [26]
Under inert N2 atmosphere, liquid product yields fall into the range of 29.0 and 93.4 wt.% of the feed but are lower with active sites
Summary
With the development of the economy, the consumption of crude oil and its products keeps increasing. Catalytic cracking is one of effective processes for biofuel upgrading [4,5,6,7]
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