Catalytic Application of Oxygen Vacancies Induced by Bi3+ Incorporation in ThO2 Samples Obtained by Solution Combustion Synthesis

Abstract

Recognizing immense advantages of solution-based combustion synthesis, its applicability to determine the extent of dissolution of Bi3+ in fluorite-structured thoria has been examined to generate high-surface-area samples with massive defects. Up to 50 mol % of thorium could be substituted with bismuth retaining fluorite structure beyond which phase separation occurred. The lattice parameters from Le-Bail refinements of their powder X-ray diffraction patterns showed marginal increase with increase in bismuth content, suggesting the competing effect between the size of the cation and the oxygen vacancy concentration. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry analysis and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy measurements have also confirmed the composition and structure of the limiting composition. With progressive bismuth content, the band due to the fluorite (at 460 cm–1) diffused and a defect band in the region 570–600 cm–1 emerged in the Raman spectra. From these changes, the oxygen vacancy concentrations in these samples have been determined, which increased with increase in bismuth content. Absorbance in the visible region was noticed for bismuth-containing samples, and band gap values determined from the Kubelka–Munk function were in the range 2.34–3.24 eV. In addition to the blue emission from oxygen vacancies, 3P1 → 1S0 transition of Bi3+ was noticed in the photoluminescence spectrum. From Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurements, the surface area of Th0.50Bi0.50O2−δ obtained by solution combustion synthesis was measured to be 265.74 m2 g–1, higher than the value (39.00 m2 g–1) for the sample prepared by solid-state synthesis. All of these factors combined with oxygen vacancies as defect centers have been found to play critical control over their use as catalyst for the reductive transformation of nitroaromatics and oxidative decolorization of organic dye molecules (methyl orange and xylenol orange). A nice correlation between oxygen vacancy concentration and pseudo first-order rate constants of these catalytic conversions has been arrived. The catalyst was found to retain its efficiency up to four cycles without undergoing any structural change during these experiments.