Catalytic activity of palladium and gold dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles for methylene blue reduction: A kinetic analysis

Abstract

A kinetic analysis of the catalytic reduction of methylene blue (MB) by sodium borohydride (BH4−) using colloidal dendrimer-encapsulated palladium (Pd) and gold (Au) nanoparticles (PdDENs and AuDENs) is presented. The nanoparticles were prepared by the template method using generation 4 (G4) and generation 5 (G5) hydroxyl-terminated poly (amido)amine (PAMAM-OH) dendrimers for PdDENs and amine-terminated poly (amido)amine (PAMAM-NH2) for AuDENs in aqueous solution. The catalysts were characterized by UV/vis spectrophotometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The sizes of the particles obtained ranged from 1.3 to 2.3nm with volume normalized surface areas between 0.02 and 0.06m2L−1. The reduction of MB by BH4− was monitored by UV/vis spectrophotometry using the stopped-flow technique and the kinetic data obtained was modeled to the Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism. The apparent rate constant for the reduction is related to the surface area S of the nanoparticles, the adsorption constants of MB (KMB) and BH4−(KBH4−) as well as to the kinetic constant k which is related to the rate-determining step of the reaction. The kinetic constant k was largest for PdDENs with the largest volume normalized surface area of 0.06m2L−1. KMB values were 10 times larger than those of KBH4− in the case of PdDENs. The activation energy was lowest for the most catalytic active PdDENs at 34.5±1.5kJmol−1 as compared to 71.3±1.6kJmol−1, for the least active AuDEN catalyst.