Abstract
In the present work, a series of catalysts based on aluminum and zirconium oxides was studied for the transformation of glucose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. These catalysts were characterized by using experimental techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption–desorption at −196 °C, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, temperature-programmed desorption of NH3 and CO2, and scanning transmission electron microscopy. The catalytic behavior in glucose dehydration was evaluated in a water-methyl isobutyl ketone biphasic system, in the presence of CaCl2, in order to minimize losses due to unwanted secondary reactions. High glucose conversion and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) yield values were obtained in the presence of an Al(Zr)Ox catalyst with an Al:Zr molar ratio of 7:3, reaching 97% and 47%, respectively, at 150 °C after 120 min. Under tested conditions, this catalyst retained most of its catalytic activity for four reuses.
Highlights
Fossil fuel depletion and ever increasing environmental concerns have prompted scientists’efforts to look for alternative renewable sources for their use as raw material to produce chemicals and fuels [1,2,3]
A boehmite phase was identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and XPS analyses for the Al catalyst, not being possible to distinguish between oxides and oxohydroxides for mixed metal oxides
It was observed that the presence of octahedral Al sites accelerated glucose dehydration into HMF, causing sooner their deactivation for high Al content catalysts
Summary
Fossil fuel depletion and ever increasing environmental concerns have prompted scientists’. Their physicochemical properties a series of mixed Al-Zr oxides, with different Al:Zr molar ratio, was prepared and tested for the were determined by different techniques in order to establish the corresponding structure–catalytic dehydration of glucose, by using a water: MIBK reaction medium The influence of different reaction parameters, such as reaction time more active than the pertinent pure oxides and demonstrate possible interaction between both and temperature, catalyst and glucose loadings, the effect of CaCl2 and the reuse of catalysts were elements in mixed metal oxides. Temperature, catalyst and glucose loadings, the effect of CaCl2 and the reuse of catalysts were evaluated
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