Abstract
The catalytic upgrading of heavy and extra-heavy crude oil refers to the chemical treatment aimed at producing changes in their physical and chemical properties so that the heavy crude oil can be effectively transformed into lighter oil by a catalytic system. This chapter focuses on various types of catalysts including water-soluble catalysts, oil-soluble catalysts, mineral catalysts, and ionic liquids. It also discusses their synthesis methods, general characterization, and applications to the upgrading of crude oil. The most important characteristic of homogeneous catalysts is that they are made up of transition metals and are highly selective. Water-soluble catalysts were the first used to crack crude oil, which is since hot water is cheap, safe, and is considered as a universal solvent. A reservoir is mainly composed of rock material, crude oil, water, and impurities. The mineral catalysts of the deposit are commonly quartz, feldspar, and clay, mainly zeolites.
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