Case Series of Listeria monocytogenes in Pregnancy: Maternal–Foetal Complications and Clinical Management in Six Cases

Abstract

Background: Listeria monocytogenes, a Gram-positive intracellular bacillus, causes listeriosis, which is primarily transmitted through contaminated food and vertical transmission. The incidence of the disease is estimated to be between one and ten cases per million globally, with pregnant women being particularly vulnerable. Objective: The aim was to describe the clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of cases of gestational listeriosis at Hospital Materno Infantil de Málaga in order to improve our understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease. Methods: A retrospective analysis of six confirmed cases of listeriosis was performed in pregnant women or neonates. Diagnostic confirmation was achieved using analytic and microbiological methodologies, including blood cultures and the measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP). Ethical approval was obtained, and clinical data were reviewed for reasons related to consultation, treatment approaches, and complications. Results: The most frequently observed symptoms were fever and abdominal pain, with complications such as intrauterine death and suspected chorioamnionitis. Four patients were treated with antibiotics, leading to improved outcomes. No severe complications such as neurolisteriosis were observed. Conclusions: Pregnant women are more susceptible to L. monocytogenes, which can cause mild maternal symptoms but severe foetal outcomes, including prematurity, foetal death, or neonatal infections. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial for improving maternal–foetal outcomes.