Abstract
Residual microalgal biomass, a byproduct of various microalgae-based processes, represents an abundant and underutilized resource with significant potential for sustainable energy production, environmental applications, and bioproduct development. The cascading approach seeks to maximize resource efficiency and minimize waste by utilizing residual microalgal biomass in a stepwise manner to produce multiple value-added products. This review presents the current research status of residual microalgal biomass applications, focusing on energy, environmental, and bioproduct sectors. It highlights the challenges and complexities associated with cascading utilization of residual microalgal biomass and proposes strategies for managing uncertainty, optimizing the process and introduces a model exemplifying the practical application of this approach. The review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential of residual microalgal biomass as a valuable resource and to encourage further research in this field to promote a sustainable and circular bioeconomy.
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