Abstract
Multiple cascading hazards triggered by the 2018 Sulawesi, Indonesia, earthquake caused various compounding consequences. A major strike-slip fault movement with along-dip components resulted in intense ground shaking, liquefaction and lateral spreading, large-scale mudflows, and tsunamis. This paper presents observations of such multi-hazard effects on buildings and infrastructure in areas along Palu Bay, based on field reconnaissance work, and discusses the main causes of the disaster by focusing upon the combined effects of the cascading geological hazards. To evaluate the tsunami risk potential of the strike-slip event, tsunami simulations for the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake are performed by considering different model settings for spatial earthquake slip distribution, rake angle, astronomical tidal effect, and co-seismic ground deformation. The numerical results indicate that the co-seismic rupture of a moment magnitude 7.5 strike-slip earthquake, having notable dip components can generate damaging tsunami waves at coastal locations of Palu Bay. The conclusion has important implications for future tsunami hazard assessments in active seismic regions where major fault systems cut across a bay or into the sea.
Highlights
On September 28, 2018, a large earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 7.5 struck Sulawesi Island, Indonesia (United States Geological Survey [USGS], 2018)
Wave profiles and inundation maps at Pantoloan port and Palu City are simulated by considering the four cases that are listed in Table 2 and are compared with the field observations
To discuss the effects of the tsunami waves on buildings, the maximum inundation depth maps are produced by accounting for the effects of the tidal level and co-seismic ground deformation
Summary
On September 28, 2018, a large earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 7.5 struck Sulawesi Island, Indonesia (United States Geological Survey [USGS], 2018). The earthquake occurred along the Palu-Koro Fault, which is known to be active and is influenced by the complex tectonic interaction of major subducting plates. The Palu-Koro Fault zone caused several deadly earthquake disasters (Pelinovsky et al, 1997; Thein et al, 2014; Cipta et al, 2016). The number of buildings damaged is greater than 68,451, and the total economic loss of the event was estimated at 1.1 billion U.S dollars (BNPB, 2019)
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