Abstract
A sustainable circular economy involves designing and promoting new products with the least environmental impact through increasing efficiency. The emergence of autonomous vehicles (AVs) has been a revolution in the automobile industry and a breakthrough opportunity to create more sustainable transportation in the future. Autonomous vehicles are supposed to provide a safe, easy-to-use and environmentally friendly means of transport. To this end, improving AVs’ safety and energy efficiency by using advanced control and optimization algorithms has become an active research topic to deliver on new commitments: carbon reduction and responsible innovation. The focus of this study is to improve the energy consumption of an AV in a vehicle-following process while safe driving is satisfied. We propose a cascade control system in which an autonomous cruise controller (ACC) is integrated with an energy management system (EMS) to reduce energy consumption. An adaptive model predictive control (AMPC) is proposed as the ACC to control the acceleration of the ego vehicle (the following vehicle) in a vehicle-following scenario, such that it can safely follow the lead vehicle in the same lane on a highway. The proposed ACC appropriately switches between speed and distance control systems to follow the lead vehicle safely and precisely. The computed acceleration is then used in the EMS component to find the optimal engine torque that minimizes the fuel consumption of the ego vehicle. EMS is designed based on two methods: type 1 fuzzy logic system (T1FLS) and interval type 2 fuzzy logic system (IT2FLS). Results show that the combination of AMPC and IT2FLS significantly reduces fuel consumption while the ego vehicle follows the lead vehicle safely and with a minimum spacing error. The proposed controller facilitates smarter energy use in AVs and supports safer transportation.
Highlights
Greenhouse gas emission is the greatest concern of our future life [1]
Unlike previous research activities which were mainly focused on the autonomous cruise control (ACC) – known as adaptive cruise control or intelligent cruise control of autonomous vehicles (AVs), this paper considered the joint autonomous cruise controller (ACC)-energy management systems (EMS) problem to address both safety and energy management simultaneously, providing a sustainable solution for AVs
We proposed integrated adaptive model predictive control (AMPC) and interval type 2 fuzzy logic systems (IT2FLS)-based EMS for improving energy efficiency in conventional vehicles in a vehicle-following scenario while a safe driving condition is achieved
Summary
Duong Phan 1 , Ali Moradi Amani 2 , Mirhamed Mola 3 , Ahmad Asgharian Rezaei 2 , Mojgan Fayyazi 2 , Mahdi Jalili 2 , Dinh Ba Pham 1 , Reza Langari 4 and Hamid Khayyam 2, *. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
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