Carry on editing.

Abstract

Genome editing facilitates alterations to DNA, large or subtle, in a precise fashion. In its most popular form it uses the programmable endonuclease system, CRISPR/Cas9. Edits can be made to any genome, including the human genome. This raises the possibility of genome editing in human embryos in both a research and reproductive context. All reports of genome editing in human embryos are included here, along with key papers examining the science and ethics of human genome editing. As a basic research tool, genome editing promises to accelerate our understanding of genome biology. It also shows great promise as a means of combatting disease through so-called somatic genome editing. Genome editing could be used to prevent human disease transmission in a reproductive context. Such germ line interventions are opposed by some, for a number of reasons. Some of these reasons are discussed and a comparison is made with preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). It is important that scientists, clinicians, bioethicists and other stakeholders engage widely with all those with an interest in genome editing. In addition to offering new insights into human biology, basic (fundamental) research will deliver expertise allowing ever more precise and controllable genome editing methodologies and allied technologies. A range of clear and accessible ethical frameworks must be developed and scrutinized as part of a wider societal debate about possible applications of genome editing. In the UK, human reproductive genome editing can only take place if a change to primary legislation occurs. Inclusive discussions and assessments, involving difficult scientific and ethical concepts, must form part of any democratic decision.