Abstract

Role of valence electrons and free electrons in carrier transport through semiconductors is presented. Various electrons theories such as Free election theory, Energy band theory, and Brillouim zone theory are described. Mechanism of conduction by free electrons is elaborated. Fermi energy level, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, energy diagrams of n-type and p-type semiconductors are given. Direct and indirect energy band semiconductors and effect of alloying on them are discussed. Concepts of effective mass, density of state, temperature dependence of carrier concentrations are developed. Drift of carriers under electric and magnetic fields, collision time, effects of temperature on mobility of carriers, effects of doping on mobility are explained. Degenerate semiconductors and effect of heavy doping are incorporated. The phenomenon of Hall Effect and its significance; Hall voltage, Hall angle, Hall coefficient etc. are described. Relation between Density of states and Fermi energy, momentum space, Fermi sphere, Fermi radius, Fermi velocity, Fermi momentum, Fermi temperature etc. are derived. Minute insight into the various topics are given through solved numerical and theoretical examples. Review questions, numerical problems and objective type questions are also given with their answers.

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