Abstract
Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress triggers severe vascular damage and induces an inflammatory vascular state, and is, therefore, one of the main causes of atherosclerosis. Recently, interest in the natural compound Carpinus turczaninowii has increased because of its reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. We investigated whether a C. turczaninowii extract was capable of attenuating high glucose-induced inflammation and arterial damage using human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (hASMCs). mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory response [interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)], endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress [CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP)], and adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-protein activated kinase α2 (AMPK α2)], and DNA damage [phosphorylated H2.AX (p-H2.AX)] were measured in hASMCs treated with the C. turczaninowii extracts (1 and 10 μg/mL) after being stimulated by high glucose (25 mM) or not. The C. turczaninowii extract attenuated the increased mRNA expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and CHOP in hASMCs under high glucose conditions. The expression levels of p-H2.AX and AMPK α2 induced by high glucose were also significantly decreased in response to treatment with the C. turczaninowii extract. In addition, 15 types of phenolic compounds including quercetin, myricitrin, and ellagic acid, which exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, were identified in the C. turczaninowii extract through ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight (UPLC-Q-TOF) mass spectrometry. In conclusion, C. turczaninowii may alleviate high glucose-induced inflammation and arterial damage in hASMCs, and may have potential in the treatment of hyperglycemia-induced atherosclerosis.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been known to cause cerebral vascular disorder and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which are the major causes of death in patients with DM [1,2]
The increased oxidative stress in DM patients accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis and aggravates various cardiovascular events by promoting inflammation, blood plaque instability, endothelial dysfunction, and proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) [8]
[22,23,29,30], we summarize that the turczaninowii extract has that these compounds are anti-oxidants [22,23,29,30], we summarize that the C. turczaninowii extract various anti-oxidants, and and maymay act as modulator of inflammation
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been known to cause cerebral vascular disorder and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which are the major causes of death in patients with DM [1,2]. Several studies reported that the morbidity and mortality of DM patients are the result of vascular dysfunction [3,4,5]. The increased oxidative stress in DM patients accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis and aggravates various cardiovascular events by promoting inflammation, blood plaque instability, endothelial dysfunction, and proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) [8]. In DM patients, excessive circulating glucose induces oxidative stress and promotes the production of the free radical-yielding superoxide anion (O2 − ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) [12]. Several studies have shown that elevated glucose concentrations result in the impairment of an antioxidant defense in both diabetic animal models and DM patients [15]. The modulation of hyperglycemia may be a key to improve various diabetic pathologies and to prevent the progression of atherosclerosis by inhibiting vascular damage in DM patients
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