Abstract
<h3>Abstract</h3> Oomycete pathogens can secret hundreds of effectors into plant cells to interfere with plant immune system during infection. Here we identified a cytoplasmic RXLR effector from the most destructive pathogen of litchi, <i>Peronophythora litchii</i>, and named it as PlAvh202. PlAvh202 could suppress cell death triggered by INF1 and Avr3a/R3a in <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i>, and was essential for <i>P. litchii</i> virulence. In addition, PlAvh202 also suppressed plant immune responses and promoted the susceptibility of <i>N. benthamiana</i> to <i>Phytophthora capsici</i>. Further research revealed that PlAvh202 could suppress ethylene (ET) production by targeting and destabilizing plant S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase (SAMS), a key enzyme in ET biosynthesis pathway, in a 26S proteasome-dependent manner. Transient expression of LcSAMS3 induced ET production and enhanced plant resistance, whereas inhibition of ET biosynthesis promoted <i>P. litchii</i> infection, supporting that LcSAMS and ET positively regulate litchi immunity towards <i>P. litchii</i>. Overall, these findings highlight that SAMS can be targeted by oomycete RXLR effector to manipulate ET-mediated plant immunity.
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