Carotenoid Content in Organically Produced Wheat: Relevance for Human Nutritional Health on Consumption.

Abrar Hussain,Ramune Kuktaite,Eva Johansson,Hans Larsson,Marie Olsson

doi:10.3390/ijerph121114068

Abstract

In this study, 33 spring and winter wheat genotypes were analyzed for carotenoid content and composition. Investigated genotypes were divided into four genotype groups i.e., spelt, landraces, old cultivars and primitive wheat. The results showed a high level of variation among the genotypes in amount of carotenoids in the grain with high values (around 4 mg/Kg) especially in one of the genotypes—Öland 8. Lutein was the most common carotenoid in all the investigated genotypes, contributing 70%–90% of the carotenoids in the grain. Variation in carotenoid content and composition was found not only among genotypes, but also between genotype groups and wheat type, although there is a need to analyze more genotypes to confirm the differences found between groups and types. This study showed that 40% of the daily requirements of lutein can be achieved from the genotypes with the highest lutein content (Öland 8) produced using organic farming through the average human consumption of 200 grams of wheat per day. Furthermore, this study showed, by the use of principal component analyses, an opportunity to select genotypes combining high values of certain nutritional compounds. By a further breeding and commercial production of such genotypes, the nutritional value of wheat flour for human consumption can be improved.

Highlights

Carotenoids are lipid soluble bioactive components responsible for the yellow, orange and red colors in various fruits, flowers and vegetables [1]
Carotenoids have been found to play an important role in the human body, e.g., α- and β-carotene have a primary function in the biosynthesis of vitamin A, an essential factor in visual functions, embryo and fetus development [4]
The genotype with the highest total amount of carotenoids in the present investigation is a hexaploid landrace of spring wheat originating from the Swedish island of Öland, named Öland 8 (Table 1, Figure 1)

Summary

Introduction

Carotenoids are lipid soluble bioactive components responsible for the yellow, orange and red colors in various fruits, flowers and vegetables [1]. Carotenoids are divided into two classes: (i) carotenes, such as α- and β-carotene and lycopene, which are tetraterpenoid hydrocarbons, and (ii) xanthophylls, such as lutein, β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin, comprised of one or more oxygen-containing groups [3]. Carotenoids have been found to play an important role in the human body, e.g., α- and β-carotene have a primary function in the biosynthesis of vitamin A, an essential factor in visual functions, embryo and fetus development [4]. Lutein and zeaxanthin have been found to play an important role in promoting the health of eyes and skin and in reducing the risk of cancer and cardiovascular diseases [5,6]. Carotenoids should be included in the human diet to promote health

Methods

Results

Conclusion