Caries Risk Assessment Using the Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) Protocol among the General Population of Sakaka, Saudi Arabia-A Cross-Sectional Study.

Azhar Iqbal,Thani Alsharari,Alaa Yahya Ali Alghamdi,Meshal Aber Al Onazi,Mohammed Mustafa,Abdullah Alshehri,Hmoud Ali Algarni,Ebtehal Yanallah Mohamed Alghamdi,Nojoud Omar Ahmad Balubaid,Rakhi Issrani,Farooq Ahmad Chaudhary,Osama Khattak

doi:10.3390/ijerph19031215

Abstract

Background: Caries risk assessment is a useful tool in caries prevention and management. Using a tool such as CAMBRA, every individual can be assessed according to his or her disease indicators, risk factors, and protective factors for the current and future caries. Aim: This study aimed to assess caries risk among the general population of Sakaka, Saudi Arabia using the CAMBRA protocol. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at university dental clinics using a questionnaire that was formulated using the CAMBRA caries risk assessment tool; afterwards, all 160 participants were intra-orally examined to assess oral hygiene status and presence of disease. Independent t-tests, ANOVAs, and chi-square tests were performed for analysis. Results: The majority of participants had one or more disease indicators, with white spots and visible cavities (71.3%), and the most commonly present risk factor was visible heavy plaque on teeth (82.5%). The use of fluoridated toothpaste (92.5%) was the most common protective factor. The majority of participants (85%) were in the ‘High’ category of Caries risk assessment. The prevalence of high caries risk was significantly higher among the rural participants compared to the urban (p <0.05), and significantly fewer of those with a primary school education level or lower were in the high dental caries risk group compared to the other educational categories (p <0.001). Conclusion: The caries risk among the general population of Sakaka, Saudi Arabia, is high, with significant variation among age groups, education levels, and geographical locations.

Highlights

Introduction conditions of the Creative CommonsOral health diseases are a major global public health issue; in particular, dental caries is the most prevalent oral health disease, affecting 60–90% of children and adults worldwide [1]
This cross-sectional study was conducted in the university dental clinics of the College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia, using a Caries Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) protocol, from 15 March 2021 to 15 June 2021 [11]
The comparable proportions of male and female subjects were noted in this study, with the majority being from the urban area and educated. This result conflicts with the study by Almusawi et al, where women were in the majority compared to men when identifying the caries risk using Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) among diabetic patients [13]

Summary

Introduction

Oral health diseases are a major global public health issue; in particular, dental caries is the most prevalent oral health disease, affecting 60–90% of children and adults worldwide [1]. Caries risk assessment is a useful tool in caries prevention and management. Using a tool such as CAMBRA, every individual can be assessed according to his or her disease indicators, risk factors, and protective factors for the current and future caries. Aim: This study aimed to assess caries risk among the general population of Sakaka, Saudi Arabia using the CAMBRA protocol. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at university dental clinics using a questionnaire that was formulated using the CAMBRA caries risk assessment tool; afterwards, all 160 participants were intra-orally examined to assess oral hygiene status and presence of disease. Results: The majority of participants had one or more disease indicators, with white spots and visible cavities (71.3%), and the most commonly present risk factor was visible heavy plaque on teeth (82.5%)

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Discussion

Conclusion