Abstract
In many parts of the world, increasing numbers of gender nonconforming/transgender youth are seeking medical services to enable the development of physical characteristics consistent with their experienced gender. Such medical services include use of agents to block endogenous puberty at Tanner stage 2 with subsequent use of cross-sex hormones and are based on longitudinal studies demonstrating that those individuals who were first identified as gender dysphoric in early or middle childhood and continue to meet the mental health criteria for being transgender at early puberty are likely to be transgender as adults. This chapter addresses terms and definitions applicable to gender nonconforming youth, studies that shed light on the biologic underpinnings of gender identity, outcomes and potential complications of current treatment models, gaps in knowledge, and priorities for research.
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