Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Social Development Index

Mireya Martínez-García,Guadalupe O Gutiérrez-Esparza,Enrique Hernández-Lemus,Juan Carlos Roblero-Godinez,Cindy Lucia Montes-Ruiz,Maite Vallejo,Diana Vianey Marín-Pérez

doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.631747

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The complex etiology of CVD is known to be significantly affected by environmental and social factors. There is, however, a lag in our understanding of how population level components may be related to the onset and severity of CVD, and how some indicators of unsatisfied basic needs might be related to known risk factors. Here, we present a cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the association between cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) and Social Development Index (SDI) in adult individuals within a metropolitan urban environment. The six components of SDI as well as socioeconomic, anthropometric, clinical, biochemical, and risk behavior parameters were explored within the study population. As a result, several CVRF (waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, glucose, lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and sodium) were found in a higher proportion in the low or very low levels of the SDI, and this pattern occurs more in women than in men. Canonical analysis indicates a correlation between other socioeconomic features and anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical factors (canonical coefficient = 0.8030). Further studies along these lines are needed to fully establish how to insert such associations into the design of health policy and interventions with a view to lessen the burden of cardiovascular diseases, particularly in metropolitan urban environments.

Highlights

Much progress has been made in understanding the effect that the complex context of environmental, biological, social, and collective domains has on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are still the leading causes of death in human populations [1]
This study explores the relationship between Social Development Index (SDI), as a social determinant of health proxy, and cardiovascular risk within an upper middle income country to analyze how these social inequities in health might be implicated in the development of biological conditions such as the increment in the body mass or in the levels of blood sugar, triglycerides, LDL-C, etc
The present study shows how SDI and other human development components impact directly and indirectly the CVRF through intermediate issues related to some metabolic aspects, lipids in particular and healthy weight

Summary

Introduction

Much progress has been made in understanding the effect that the complex context of environmental, biological, social, and collective domains has on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are still the leading causes of death in human populations [1]. Most of the burden of CVD has been explained by a set of traditional risk factors that affect both men and women [2]. In Mexico, as in other middle-income countries, cardiovascular mortality, as well as, their main traditional and novel risk factors have become a major health problem, causing an economic burden and being an important source of disability in young adults [3,4,5,6,7]. Mexico is undergoing a transition in the burden of NCDs from groups with high socioeconomic status (SES) to those in low SES that have been systematically neglected [8]. Economy and social development have increased, but healthy food systems and changes in lifestyles have been neglected [9]. The country has undergone a nutrition transition, decreasing the prevalence of malnutrition, whereas the prevalence of obesity has increased in epidemic proportions, especially in women [10]

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