Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in β-thalassemia major: beyond T2.

Abstract

Β-thalassemia major (TM) patients underwent regular transfusions to prevent complications of chronic anemia. However, these regular transfusions result in progressive iron accumulation in vital organs, including the heart. Myocardial iron overload can lead to cardiac dysfunction and ultimately to heart failure. Diagnosis of cardiac dysfunction in β-TM patients is usually made through clinical examination, electrocardiogram, and echocardiography. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), through the measurement of T2* relaxation time, represents the diagnostic modality of choice for assessing myocardial iron overload and guiding the iron chelation therapy. Despite a tailored chelation therapy reducing myocardial iron overload, heart failure remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality even in well-treated β-TM patients. Advances in CMR, including myocardial strain, parametric mapping (T1, T2, and extracellular volume), and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) measurements, have expanded its role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and follow-up of these patients. This review seeks to offer a thorough overview of the potential uses of CMR in β-TM, extending beyond the established role of T2* measurement in guiding chelation therapy. It delves into the emerging applications of new CMR imaging biomarkers that could improve the overall management of β-TM patients.