Abstract
Patients submitted to liver transplantation (LT) are exposed to high risk of cardiovascular (CV) complications which are the main determinants of both short-term and long-term morbidity and mortality in LT. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a very frequent condition in general population and is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) which represents the first cause of death of these patients. NAFLD is predicted to become the first indication to LT and nowadays is also frequently detected in patients submitted to LT for other indications. Thus, the risk of CVD in patients submitted to LT is forecasted to increase in the next years. In this review the extent of CV involvement in patients submitted to LT and the role of NAFLD, either recurring after transplantation or as de novo presentation, in increasing CV risk is analysed. The risk of developing metabolic alterations, including diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and weight gain, all manifestations of metabolic syndrome, occurring in the first months after LT, is depicted. The different presentations of cardiac involvement, represented by early atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, heart failure and arrhythmias in patients with NAFLD submitted to LT is described. In addition, the tools to detect cardiac alterations either before or after LT is reported providing the possibility for an early diagnosis of CVD and an early therapy able to reduce morbidity and mortality for these diseases. The need for long-term concerted multidisciplinary activity with dietary counseling and exercise combined with drug treatment of all manifestations of metabolic syndrome is emphasized.
Highlights
Liver transplantation (LT), the only effective treatment for end stage liver disease, has spread in the past 50 years in Europe, plateauing in recent years, with about 7,300 liver transplantation (LT) performed in Europe and 8,000 in the United States annually [1, 2]
Patients submitted to liver transplantation (LT) are exposed to high risk of cardiovascular (CV) complications which are the main determinants of both short-term and long-term morbidity and mortality in LT
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a very frequent condition in general population and is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) which represents the first cause of death of these patients
Summary
Liver transplantation (LT), the only effective treatment for end stage liver disease, has spread in the past 50 years in Europe, plateauing in recent years, with about 7,300 LTs performed in Europe and 8,000 in the United States annually [1, 2]. Survival rates from United Network for Organ Sharing registry at 1, 5 and 10 years are approximately 85%, 70% and 50% [1, 4], with the critical period for post LT outcome represented by the first year during which 46% of deaths occur, nearly 60% of which within 6 months [1]. More than 10% of LT recipients have cardiovascular disease (CVD) which together with hepatic and cancer, are the most common causes of death after LT [5]. Despite the marked improvement in immunosuppressive therapies and organ preservation techniques [6] post-transplant death rate remains elevated because of CVD. The aim of this review is to clarify the extent of cardiovascular (CV) involvement in post LT patients, defining the role of NAFLD in increasing CV risk. Review articles are cited to provide more details and references
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