Abstract
It has become evident over the past several years that the intestinal microbial ecosystem plays a critical role in the development and prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and other metabolic disorders, such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. The intestinal microbiota ecosystem functions as a major virtual endocrine organ that interacts and responds to molecules’ signals within the host. Several meta-organismal pathways are involved in the gut–host interaction, including trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Host phenotype and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) varying from hypertension, insulin resistance, and obesity to more specific inflammatory processes, such as atherosclerosis and hypercoagulability, have shown to be affected by the gut–host interaction. Additionally, several studies that involved animals and humans demonstrated a striking connection between the development of new CVDs and an imbalance in the gut microbiota composition along with the presence of their derived metabolites. Through this review article, we aim to evaluate the role of the normal gut microbiota ecosystem, its association with CVDs, effects of the therapies used to control and manage CVDs in the gut microbiota environment and explore potential therapeutic interventions to amplify disease outcomes in patients with CVDs.
Highlights
This paper focuses on access to medicines for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and not to these medicines
Studies have shown that a diet enriched with acetate and/or a high-fiber diet leads to an alteration of the gut microbiota and increased levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which have a positive impact on patients with Heart failure (HF) and hypertension [11]
Dysbiosis is an imbalance in the composition of the intestinal microbial environment that alters the ratio of Firmicutes (F) to Bacteroidetes (B) (F/B)
Summary
BP ≥80 mmHg) [5] is the third leading cause of years lost due to morbidity-related disabilities It increases the risk of heart, kidney, brain, and other diseases. Imbalances in the constitution of the intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis) have been linked to atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure, and other diseases [11]. Various factors, such as dietary habits, intestinal infection, and environmental factors, can change the balance of the intestinal microbial environment. According to the “gut microbiota” hypothesis, the reduced cardiac output leads to diminished tissue perfusion and, leads to intestinal ischemia in HF patients This alters the constitution of the microbiota ecosystem. The role of intestinal microbiota in cardiovascular diseases is illustrated in Appendix A Figure A1
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