Abstract
Hemorrhagic shock has a potential to be life-threatening when it is not treated. The main causes of hemorrhagic shock involve: (1) forces causing injury; and (2) diseases that can cause hemorrhage., Therefore, due to the causes of hemorrhagic shock and the life-threatening potential, the search for new methods of shock treatment is extremely valuable to the modern medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of clobenpropit in the model of hemorrhagic shock. The experiments were conducted in 110 adult male Wistar rats weighing between 205 and 470g. 1, 2 and 5 μmol/kg of intravenous H3 receptors reverse agonists, clobentropit, and/or 1, 5 and 10 μmol/kg H3 receptor agonist, imetit, were used as general anesthetics. Irreversible hemorrhagic shock was induced by the paused bleeding until the mean arterial pressure (MAP) lowered to the level of 20–25 mmHg. It was proved that, in cases of critical hypotension, clobenpropit triggered a dose-dependent increase of: systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), MPA and heart rate (HR) of rats with critical hypotension. The most significant changes in hemodynamic parameters were achieved by administrating dosages of 2 mmol/kg. This resulted in the survival rate increase to up to 100%. However, imetit did not trigger any hemodynamic changes nor an increase in SBP, DBP, MAP or HR. Furthermore, it was found that the premedication with prazosin, yohimbine, 6-hydroxydopamine and the vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist blocked the effects of clobenpropit. Additionally, premedication with propranolol, captopril and ZD 7155 did not cause any significant changes in the measured hemodynamic parameters. In conclusion, after an intravenous injection clobenpropit, the inverse agonist of H3 histamine receptors/agonist of histamine receptors H4, causes a resuscitating effect on rats in hemorrhagic shock. Moreover, such effect is based on the effector mechanisms of sympathetic nervous system and vasopressin.
Highlights
Histamine is a heterocyclic amine deriving from imidazole
In the group of the normotensive animals clobenpropit administered at a dose of 1, 2 and 5 μmol/kg did not lead to any significant change nor caused a decrease in heart rate (HR) or mean arterial pressure (MAP) (Fig 1)
In normotensive animals clobenpropit either caused a reduction of MAP or did not affect this parameter, which was consistent with the results of the previous studies of Obuchowicz et al [8]
Summary
Histamine is a heterocyclic amine deriving from imidazole. It can be found in almost all mammal tissues, high concentration of histamine is discovered in the peculiar localizations including skin, intestines and mucosa of the bronchi. In the human body histamine is mainly stored in mast cells and basophils. It can be found in histaminergic neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system. Histamine operates through the activation of specific membrane receptors. To the present date, four types of histamine receptors are known and they include H1, H2, H3 and H4 histamine receptors
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