Cardiovascular disease mortality and air pollution in countries with different socioeconomic status.

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) account for 17.9 million deaths annually. Behavioral risk factors increase the risk of dying fromCVD. Air pollution is not included in this risk calculation since the appreciation of air pollution as a modifiable risk factor is still limited. The purpose of this study was to analyze CVD mortality attributed to air pollution in all World Health OrganizationWHO member states and demonstrate the association of CVD mortality with air pollution depending on countries'income level. The CVD death rate was calculated by dividing the number of deaths by the total population. The proportion of the population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking was calculated as an indicator of household air pollution. The annual mean concentration of fine particulate matter ≤2.5 µg/m3and ≤10.0 µg/m3to which the population is exposed was used as an indicator of ambient air pollution. There is a gradual increase in CVD mortality attributed to air pollution from high-income countries (HICs) to low-income countries (LICs). Household air pollution is the major cause of CVD mortality in LICs. Ischemic heart disease mortality attributed to ambient air pollution in all countries is higher than stroke mortality attributed to ambient air pollution. In LIC, mortality from stroke is attributed to household air pollution of 39.27 ± 14.47, which is more than twice the stroke mortality attributed to ambient air pollution at 18.60 ± 5.64, t = 7.17, p < 0.01. Air pollution control should be an essential component of the CVD preventive strategy, along with lifestyle modifications and effective disease management.