Abstract
Little is known regarding the association between physical fitness and bone health in older Korean men. This study investigated the relationship between estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (eCRF) and bone mineral density (BMD). This cross-sectional study included 2715 Korean men aged 50 years and older selected from those who participated in the 2008–2011 Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination and Survey. eCRF was obtained using a sex-specific algorithm developed on the basis of age, body mass index, resting heart rate, and physical activity and classified into low, middle, and high categories. Femoral neck BMD was assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for osteopenia, osteoporosis, and low BMD were calculated for eCRF categories in models fully adjusted for age, waist circumference, education, income, smoking, heavy alcohol intake, serum vitamin D, serum parathyroid hormone, and dietary intake of energy, protein, calcium, and vitamins A and C. Overall, eCRF levels were positively associated with BMD and negatively with prevalence of osteopenia, osteoporosis, and low BMD. Logistic regression showed inverse trends in the risks of osteopenia (high vs. low: OR = 0.692; 95% CI, 0.328–0.517; p = 0.049) and low BMD (high vs. low: OR = 0.669; 95% CI, 0.497–0.966; p = 0.029) by eCRF category in models fully adjusted for all the measured covariates. The current findings suggest that maintaining high eCRF via regular physical activity may contribute to attenuation of age-related loss of BMD and decreased risk for low BMD in older Korean men.
Highlights
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone structural integrity, leading to bone fragility and increasing the risk for bone fracture
We examined the relationship between estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (eCRF) and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) in a sample of
We believe that the current findings of the study support and extend the literature regarding physical fitness and bone health by reporting the relationship between higher eCRF and lower risk for osteopenia and osteoporosis in a higher risk group of advanced age in models fully adjusted for a number of potential covariates. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the relationship between eCRF and BMD in 2715 older
Summary
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone structural integrity, leading to bone fragility and increasing the risk for bone fracture. Aging is an established risk factor of the disease, and its prevalence is predominantly in adults aged 50 years and older [1]. With a rapidly rising elderly population, osteoporosis has become a serious public health issue in both developed and developing countries [2]. The prevalence of osteoporosis is associated with behavioral risk factors such as smoking, heavy alcohol consumption [3], dietary intake [4,5], vitamin D deficiency [6], and physical inactivity [7] in conjunction with low socio-economic status [8]. In South Korea, low bone mineral density (BMD) in older men is an underappreciated health issue. Older Korean men have a lower prevalence of osteoporosis and a lower standardized prevalence of vertebral fractures using the age distribution of the Korean population than older Korean women [9,10,11]
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