Abstract
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) concerns the interconnection between heart and kidneys in which the dysfunction of one organ leads to abnormalities of the other. The main clinical challenges associated with cardiorenal syndrome are the lack of tools for early diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of therapeutic effects. Ultrasound, computed tomography, nuclear medicine, and magnetic resonance imaging are increasingly used for clinical management of cardiovascular and renal diseases. In the last decade, rapid development of imaging techniques provides a number of promising biomarkers for functional evaluation and tissue characterization. This review summarizes the applicability as well as the future technological potential of each imaging modality in the assessment of CRS. Furthermore, opportunities for a comprehensive imaging approach for the evaluation of CRS are defined.
Highlights
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is an umbrella term describing the interactions between concomitant cardiac and renal dysfunctions, in which acute or chronic dysfunction of one organ may induce or precipitate dysfunction of the other [1]
CRS is a growing health, economical and societal problem as the fast increasing number of aging population lead to higher prevalence of heart and kidney diseases
Due to the multiple interconnected pathophysiological mechanisms of CRS, it is conceivable that biomarkers or interventions targeting single mechanisms are inadequate
Summary
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is an umbrella term describing the interactions between concomitant cardiac and renal dysfunctions, in which acute or chronic dysfunction of one organ may induce or precipitate dysfunction of the other [1]. Cardio-renal syndrome can be classified into five subtypes [1], with type 1 and 2 describing renal dysfunction sequent to initial acute and chronic cardiac insults, type 3 and 4 describing renocardiac syndrome after the initial insult of kidney disease, and type 5 representing secondary CRS in systemic diseases (Table 1). This classification simplifies the clinical concept of CRS, overlap between different subtypes and progression from one subtype to another has frequently been observed [9].
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