Cardioprotective Effects of Preconditioning Exercise in the Female Tumor‐Bearing Mouse

Abstract

BackgroundCancer cachexia, a metabolic wasting syndrome, affects up to 80% of cancer patients and leads to the death in up to 20% of cancer patients. While research is growing in the field, there are still no clear diagnostic criteria and cancer cachexia remains an untreated condition. Aerobic exercise has been shown to positively impact cachexia by slowing its development and attenuating muscle loss. The most effective timing, duration, and intensity of exercise as a preventative and protective measure against cancer cachexia remains questionable. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of preconditioning exercise as a protective measure for tumor‐mediated muscle wasting.MethodsFemale LC3 Tg+ and WT mice were randomly separated into four groups, sedentary non‐tumor bearing (SED+NT), sedentary tumor bearing (SED+T), treadmill exercise non‐tumor bearing (TM+NT), and treadmill exercise tumor bearing (TM+T). Mice underwent an 8‐week treadmill exercise training protocol (TM) or remained sedentary (SED). Next, mice were implanted with tumor cells (T group; 1x105 LLC cells in flank) or remained non‐tumor (NT) for 4 weeks. To examine the protective effects of exercise on tumor growth and muscle wasting during tumor‐mediated muscle wasting, grip strength and tumor growth evaluations were taken at baseline, 8‐week, and 12‐week time points. At the end of the 12‐week study, muscle and tumor tissue was collected and weighed.ResultsTumor bearing resulted in a significant decline in cardiac function. SED+T showed a significant decrease in fractional shortening (P < 0.05) when compared to the other groups. This coincided with an increase in beclin‐1 expression in SED+T mice. Interestingly, preconditioning exercise (exercise prior to tumor bearing) appeared to preserve cardiac function (TM+T not significantly different than SED+NT). Exercise‐mediated cardioprotection also coincided with abolished beclin‐1 signaling since this was not significantly elevated in TM+T mice. Additionally, TM resulted in a 20‐fold decrease in estimated tumor volume (P < 0.05) and a 60% decrease in tumor mass (P < 0.05) compared to SED tumors.ConclusionThe data indicate potential cardioprotective effects of preconditioning exercise on preserving cardiac structure and function, as well as regulating autophagic pathways (beclin‐1) during tumor bearing. Preconditioning exercise may be an effective and accessible treatment intervention for early‐stage cancer survivors. This data is crucial in identifying the significance of exercise and the timing of exercise as a protective measure against the detrimental effects of cancer cachexia.