Abstract

Aims: Therapeutic and/or preventive interventions using phytochemical constituents for ischemic heart disease have gained considerable attention worldwide, mainly due to its antioxidant activity. This study investigated the cardioprotective effect and possible mechanism of juglone, a major constituent of Walnut tree, using isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction (MI) model in rats. Methodology: Rats were pretreated for five (5) days with juglone (1, 3 mg/kg, i.p) and atenolol (1 mg/kg, i.p) in separate experiments before inducing myocardial injury by the administration of ISO (80 mg/kg, s.c) at an interval of 24 hrs for 2 consecutive days (4th and 5th day). The cardioprotective effect of juglone was confirmed through lead II electrocardiograph (ECG), the cardiac biomarkers (ALT, AST, CPK, CK-MB, LDH and cTnI) and histopathological study. Results: The results of our present study suggest that prior administration of juglone proved to be effective as a cardioprotective therapeutic agent in reducing the extent of myocardial damage (induced by ISO) by fortifying the myocardial cell membrane, heart tissue architecture, preventing inflammation, edema, necrosis and also by normalizing cardiac marker enzymes (AST, ALT, CPK, CK-MB, LDH and cTnI). Conclusion: In conclusion, this study has identified phytochemical constituents: juglone as a potential cardioprotective agent.

Highlights

  • Myocardial ischemia or cardiac ischemia is characterized by an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, causing cardiac dysfunction, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction (MI), and sudden death [1]

  • Effect of Juglone on Electrocardiograph (ECG) Parameters Control group rats treated with 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) alone did not show any change in electrocardiograph pattern (Figure 2A)

  • While ISO-treated rats showed marked ST-segment elevation and deep Q wave (Figure 2B). These changes were restored to nearly normal with atenolol (1 mg/kg) (Figure 2A) and juglone (1 and 3 mg/kg) (Figure 2B,C), pretreatment and co-treatment when compared with isoproterenol-alone treated rats

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Summary

Introduction

Myocardial ischemia or cardiac ischemia is characterized by an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, causing cardiac dysfunction, arrhythmias, MI, and sudden death [1]. MI is invariably followed by numerous pathophysiological and biochemical alterations like hyperlipidemia, thrombosis, lipid peroxidation (LPO), free radical damage and decline in nitric oxide (NO) level lead to qualitative and quantitative changes of myocardium [6]. The heart is one of the major organ affected by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress [7]. It has been suggested that oxidative stress produced by free radicals or ROS, as evidenced by a marked increase in production of lipid peroxidative products associated with decreased levels of antioxidants defense system such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione peroxidase (GPx), plays a major role in myocardial damage during MI [8]. A gold standard marker for the diagnosis of MI is cardiac troponins (cTn) [16]

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