CARDIOGENIC SHOCK IN A PATIENT WITH SEVERE AORTIC VALVE STENOSIS AND MULTIVESSEL CORONARY DISEASE: ADVANCED THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES

Abstract

Abstract We describe a case of a 58 years old man. He was referred to emergency room for episodes of vomiting and epigastric pain for about a week. Upon admission he was confused with systolic–diastolic blood pressure values ​​70/40 mmHg, heart rate 120 bpm, sinus rhythm. pO2 was 80 mmHg and SO2 in air 97%. Lactate values 10, blood sugar > 300 mg/dl. The electrocardiogram showed sinus tachycardia with the results of antero–septal necrosis and incomplete left bundle branch block. The fast echocardiogram showed a dilated left ventricle with severe depression of the ejection fraction (EF about 10–15%), severe low flow–low gradient aortic valve stenosis (AVA bidimensional was approximately 0.9 cm²), severe mitral valve insufficiency due to a dual mechanism. The dimension of Inferior vena cava was 1.5 cm, collapsible. There was thrombotic stratification in the apex of the left ventricle and VA coupling was 2. The patient was admitted to the ICU with stage C cardiogenic shock according to SCAI classification. We found a value of PVC 3 mmHg. After fluide challenge there was an increase in blood pressure values to 100/60 mmHg. Noradrenaline vasopressor was started and subsequently a low dose of adrenaline. Blood pressure values maintained around 90/60 mmHg and undergo a sudden drop after increasing the dosage of the vasopressor. Diuresis was approximately 50 ml/h, lactates clear completely after approximately 4 hours. After 6 hours, due to a new sudden reduction in blood pressure, the patient was referred for IABP and coronary angiography control. In the context of multivessel coronary artery disease and cardiogenic shock he was therefore a candidate for urgent cardiac surgery of aortic valve replacement, by–pass and mitral anulovalvuloplasty. This case gave us the opportunity to analyze how to proceed in such a critical conditions with the below conclusions: a) the choice of vasopressors and inotropes is limited in case of severe aortic valve stenosis b) the presence of left ventricular intracavitary thrombosis limits the choice of ventricular assistance system c) in case of cardiogenic shock and severe aortic valve stenosis the patient must be a candidate for valve replacement surgery as soon as possible.