Abstract
The initial intraembryonic vasculogenesis occurs in the cardiogenic mesoderm. Here, a cell population of proendocardial cells detaches from the mesoderm that subsequently generates the single endocardial tube by forming vascular plexuses. In the course of embryogenesis, the endocardium retains vasculogenic, angiogenic and haematopoietic potential. The coronary blood vessels that sustain the rapidly expanding myocardium develop in the course of the formation of the cardiac loop by vasculogenesis and angiogenesis from progenitor cells of the proepicardial serosa at the venous pole of the heart as well as from the endocardium and endothelial cells of the sinus venosus. Prospective coronary endothelial cells and progenitor cells of the coronary blood vessel walls (smooth muscle cells, perivascular cells) originate from different cell populations that are in close spatial as well as regulatory connection with each other. Vasculo- and angiogenesis of the coronary blood vessels are for a large part regulated by the epicardium and epicardium-derived cells. Vasculogenic and angiogenic signalling pathways include the vascular endothelial growth factors, the angiopoietins and the fibroblast growth factors and their receptors.
Highlights
The complex heart of birds and mammals developed from the primitive, linear “pumping organ” of primordial vertebrate ancestors, such as the lancelet in the order Amphioxiformes (Romer & Parsons, 1986)
During the development of the heart, vasculogenesis, which is the in situ development of a vascular plexus from endothelial progenitor cells, and angiogenesis, referring to the sprouting of blood vessels from already existing ones, both play important roles
More recent research proves that the predominant part of coronary endothelial cells originates in the sinus venosus endothelium, closely followed by the endocardium, whereas fewer than 20% of cells originate in the proepicardial serosa (Chen, Sharma, et al, 2014; Zhang et al, 2016)
Summary
The complex heart of birds and mammals developed from the primitive, linear “pumping organ” of primordial vertebrate ancestors, such as the lancelet in the order Amphioxiformes (Romer & Parsons, 1986). Recent studies using specific reporter genes to follow the fate of different cells from the three progenitor sources have shown that the largest portion of the coronary endothelium originates from the endothelium of the sinus venosus and secondly from the endocardium, whereas the proepicardial endothelial progenitor cells' contribution amounts to
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