Abstract

ObjectivesThis study compared cardio-metabolic disease risk factors and their associations with serum vitamin D and omega-3 status in South Asian (SAC) and White Canadians (WC) living in Canada’s capital region.MethodsFasting blood samples were taken from 235 SAC and 279 WC aged 20 to 79 years in Ottawa, and 22 risk factors were measured.ResultsSAC men and women had significantly higher fasting glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), ratios of total (TC) to HDL cholesterol (HDLC) and ApoB to ApoA1, leptin, E-selectin, P-selectin, ICAM-1 and omega-3 (p < 0.05), but lower HDLC, ApoA1, vitamin D levels than WC (p < 0.05). SAC women had higher CRP and VEGF than WC women. Adequate (50–74.9 nmol/L) or optimal (≥ 75 nmol/L) levels of 25(OH)D were associated with lower BMI, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, TG, TC, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), ApoB/ApoA1 ratio, CRP, leptin, and higher HDLC, ApoA1, omega-3 index, L-selectin levels in WC, but not in SAC. Intermediate (>4%-<8%) or high (≥ 8%) levels of omega-3 indices were related to lower E-selectin, P-selectin, ICAM-1 and higher HDLC, 25(OH)D levels in WC, but not in SAC. The BMIs of ≤ 25 kg/m2 were related to lower LDLC, ApoB, VEGF, creatinine and higher 25(OH)D in WC, but not in SAC.ConclusionsThe associations of vitamin D, omega-3 status, BMI and risk factors were more profound in the WC than SAC. Compared to WC, vitamin D status and omega-3 index may not be good predictive risk factors for the prevalence of CVD and diabetes in SAC.

Highlights

  • Cardiovascular (CVD) and diabetic diseases are the leading causes of death worldwide [1]

  • Adequate (50–74.9 nmol/L) or optimal ( 75 nmol/L) levels of 25(OH)D were associated with lower body mass index (BMI), glucose, insulin, HOMAIR, TG, TC, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), apolipoprotein B (ApoB)/apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) ratio, C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, and higher HDL cholesterol (HDLC), ApoA1, omega-3 index, L-selectin levels in White Canadians (WC), but not in South Asian Canadians (SAC)

  • Intermediate (>4%-

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Summary

Introduction

Cardiovascular (CVD) and diabetic diseases are the leading causes of death worldwide [1]. Compared to other ethnic groups, the incidence and mortality of CVD in South Asians are 50% to 300% higher, and the ages to develop coronary heart disease are 5 to 10 years earlier [3]. South Asian Canadians (SAC) have higher risk for heart disease, stroke, premature CVD [5,6], hypertension and incidence of type 2 diabetes [7,8]. Compared to other ethnic groups, SAC aged 35 to 75 yrs had the highest prevalence of the carotid atherosclerosis, which is associated with increased incidence of CVD, increased prevalence of glucose intolerance, higher total (TC) and LDL cholesterol (LDLC), triglycerides (TG) and lower HDL cholesterol (HDLC) as well as greater abnormalities of novel risk factors including higher levels of fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein (a) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 [5]

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