Cardiac tumors with life threatening arrhythmia, an eight year single centre experience

Abstract

Abstract Background Cardiac tumors are rare cardiac disorders which occur either as primary or secondary tumors. They have a wide variety of clinical presentations from accidental discovery till sudden cardiac death. Manifestations are mainly due to mass effect, local invasion, embolization, or constitutional symptoms. (1) Cardiac tumor related arrhythmias are more often incessant, especially in younger children, and the mechanism can be reentry or triggered automaticity. (2) Arrhythmia management depends on its clinical impact as well as tumor size, site, and nature. Surgical resection is preferred in life threating arrhythmias however, the decision should be tailored. Purpose To describe our institution’s tailored approach in treatment of cardiac tumors presenting with life threatening ventricular arrhythmias (VAs), including surgical resection, coiling of feeding vessels or even ICD implantation with long term rhythm monitoring. Methods We reviewed patients with primary cardiac tumors presenting to our center from 2015 to 2023 with emphasis on those with life threatening VAs. Patient records were examined for clinical presentation, ECGs, imaging modalities, histopathological analysis of the resected tumors and interrogation data for those with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDS). Results Over 8 years, 64 patients were diagnosed to have primary cardiac tumors. Of those, 3.8% (6 patients) presented with life threatening monomorphic VT, half of them were pediatrics. Tissue characterization by CMR and histopathological analysis for the resected tumors revealed: 4 fibromas, one lipoma and one hemangioma. Surface ECGs during VT showed exit at, or close to, the site of the tumor (Table). Total surgical resection was performed in four cases (3 fibromas and one lipoma), one of them (the youngest, 6 months old) died during the postoperative period due to refractory heart failure. Partial resection was done in one patient with fibroma as the tumor involved the majority of RV free wall while the patient with hemangioma underwent coiling of the feeding vessels twice with marked decrease in the tumor size however he had one further episode of VT, so ICD was implanted. Over a mean follow up period of 3 years, four patients had no recurrence of tachycardia as confirmed with implantable loop recorders (ILRs) while the patient with ICD had infrequent episodes. Conclusion Total surgical resection, albeit risky, is highly effective in eliminating life threatening VAs caused by cardiac tumors. Other modalities like partial resection or coiling of the feeding vessels could be effective in high-risk patients. Devascularization, in our hemangioma case was not totally protective. Finally, ILRs were highly beneficial in confirming long-term freedom of arrhythmia after resection.Table: VT exit, tumor site and typeECG, CMR, angiogram& surgical view