Cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury: The core of etiology, treatment, and prognosis

Abstract

Cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CS-AKI) is a very serious and common complication after heart surgery. Standard knowledge of the etiology, treatment, and prognosis is a prerequisite for effective therapy. The etiology includes a set of predisposing pre-, intra-, and postoperative factors with varying incidence and severity. Although not specified yet, the treatment involves standard and modern modalities based on medication, nutrition, and dialysis as well as on alleviative measures. CS-AKI enhances the incidence of infections and hospitalization leading to increased morbidity and overall mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment reduce the risk of transition to a more severe stage of AKI or chronic kidney disease.