Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are frequently prescribed drug group in human and veterinary medicine. However, diclofenac, a traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, related to cardiotoxicity is reported, and blood cardiac damage markers may increase within the first hours after damage. The aim of the current research was to determine the effect of diclofenac on the blood cardiac damage markers. Single dose of diclofenac (2.5 mg/kg, IM) was injected to 6 rams. Blood samples were collected in before (0 hour, control) and 6 hours after injection. Specific (troponin I, and creatine kinase-MB) and nonspecific (lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase) blood cardiac damage marker concentrations, routine biochemical (hepatic damage, renal damage, lipid metabolism, glucose, and phosphorus) parameters, and hemogram values were measured. Diclofenac increased (P < 0.05) specific (troponin I) and nonspecific cardiac (lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase), hepatic (aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase), and muscular (creatine kinase) damage markers and high density lipoprotein level, while it decreased (P < 0.05) low density lipoprotein level. Moreover, diclofenac decreased (P < 0.05) white blood cell counts and increased (P < 0.05) red blood cell counts. In conclusion, it may be stated that diclofenac shows slight cardiotoxicity, whereas it may show potent hepatic and muscular damage effects at an intramuscularly single dose in sheep. Thereby, repeated injections of diclofenac may be more harmful in sheep.
Highlights
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are most prescribed drugs in human and veterinary medicine that provide anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, antispasmodic, and anticoagulant effects
The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of intramuscular injection of 2.5 mg/kg diclofenac on the markers of blood cardiac (TI, CK-MB, LDH, and AST), hepatic (alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), AST, gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), total protein (TP), albumin), renal (creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN)) and muscle (creatine kinase (CK)) damage markers as well as lipid metabolism products (cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL)), blood cell counts (white blood cells counts (WBC), red blood cell counts (RBC), thrombocyte counts, hematocrit, and hemoglobin) and other biochemical parameters
It is well known that NSAIDs which have extensive usage in human and veterinary medicine might cause life-threatening side effects such as myocardiac infarction and cardiac sudden death
Summary
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are most prescribed drugs in human and veterinary medicine that provide anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, antispasmodic, and anticoagulant effects. Diclofenac (2-(2,6-dichloranilino) phenylacetic acid), a phenylacetic acid derivative NSAID, is one of the most frequently prescribed nonselective NSAIDs worldwide, and it has strong analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Most frequently used NSAIDs worldwide have serious side effects, such as death. It has been reported that the application of the drugs in this group may be risky for cardiac and newborn infant patients as well as healthy individuals [4,5,6]. It has been indicated that the application of diclofenac, a nonselective NSAID, may cause cardiovascular problems and increase myocardial infarction risk or may be more risky for patients with coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction [4, 6, 10, 11]. It has been postulated that parameters detected in blood as a marker of cardiac damage (troponin I (TI), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)) may increase in the first 4–6 hours following the damage and this approach may be estimated for cardiac
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