Abstract
AimsThis study aims to assess long‐term changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) together with echocardiographic markers of cardiac remodelling and their association with prognosis and patient‐reported quality of life (QoL).Methods and resultsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of serial echocardiograms performed between January 2009 and December 2019 in 1089 patients (median age 63 years, 71.0% men) enrolled in the Mazankowski Heart Function Clinic Registry who had at least two echocardiograms separated by ≥12 months. We classified the patients into four subgroups by their baseline and LVEF trajectories: persistent heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (persistent HFrEF, n = 364), recovered ejection fraction (HFrecEF, n = 325), transient recovery in ejection fraction (HFtrecEF, n = 117), and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF, n = 283); 4490 echocardiograms were included in the present analysis, with 4.1 ± 1.8 echocardiograms available per patient during follow‐up. Reductions in echocardiographic markers of cardiac remodelling, including LVIDd [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.75–2.86], LVIDs (aOR: 2.44, 95% CI 2.00–2.94), left ventricular mass index (aOR: 1.15, 95% CI 1.09–1.22), E/e′ ratio (aOR: 1.15, 95% CI 1.02–1.30), left atrial volume index (aOR: 1.10, 95% CI 1.03–1.16), along with an increase in the maximum recommended daily dose of renin‐angiotensin system inhibitors (aOR: 1.04, 95% CI 1.01–1.07) and mineralocorticoid‐receptor antagonists (aOR: 1.06, 95% CI 1.01–1.11) at 2 years, strongly predicted the HFrecEF classification, which was further sustained at 5 years of follow‐up. However, changes in these parameters were mostly absent in patients experiencing only a transient recovery in LVEF (HFtrecEF), closely resembling patients with persistent HFrEF. In the multivariable analysis, HFrecEF patients had lower risk of all‐cause mortality alone [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 0.46, 95% CI 0.23–0.93], and composite all‐cause (aHR: 0.59, 95% CI 0.49–0.73), cardiovascular (aHR: 0.47, 95% CI 0.36–0.61), and heart failure (aHR: 0.50, 95% CI 0.35–0.70) related hospitalizations with mortality than patients with persistent HFrEF. QoL assessed through the shortened Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire‐12 at the end of follow‐up was greater in patients with HFrecEF by 5.2, 12.4, and 9.4 points than persistent HFrEF, HFtrecEF, and HFpEF, respectively.ConclusionsPatients with HFrecEF experienced progressive normalization in echocardiographic markers of cardiac remodelling characterized by reductions in left ventricular dimensions and mass in tandem with reductions in left atrial volume and E/e′ ratio, which is associated with better prognosis and QoL.
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