Abstract
Twenty-four men and twenty-four women participated in an experiment designed to examine the relationships among cardiac interoception, external feedback, and the voluntary control of heart rate. The concept of cardiac interoception was operationalized as heart-rate estimation in Experiment 1 and as heart-rate discrimination in Experiment 2. The heart-rate estimation task proved to be the more reliable and productive of the two operations in assessing perception of internal cues associated with cardiac activity. The cardiac estimation data suggested that instructional set and type of feedback did influence the learning of cues related to cardiac perception but that feedback did not enable subjects to learn to perceive their cardiac activity accurately. Analysis of the relationship between cardiac awareness and heart-rate control indicated that the facilitating effects of feedback on voluntary control are not mediated by cardiac awareness and that this model of biofeedback is inappropriate.
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