Abstract
AbstractKnowledge of cardiac output is important for determining the hemodynamic status of an individual. A direct measurement of cardiac output is difficult, since to obtain a direct measurement would require collecting and measuring all of the blood pumped from the heart. Therefore it is necessary to develop indirect methods for the measurement of this important parameter. The Fick and other indicator dilution methods are two of the invasive procedures that produce good results. The fundamental equations and theory necessary to understand the indicator dilution methods of measuring cardiac output including the steady‐state Fick method, the transient indicator dilution methods with recirculation, and the thermal dilution method are developed and their application is explained.
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