Abstract
Introduction: Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) by virtue of immune boost up has increased life span of People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection (PLHIV) and thus they are prone for late cardiovascular manifestations of infection. Age related atherosclerotic cardiovascular risks also accumulate on them. Therefore, this study aimed to assess cardiac abnormalities in those PLHIV taking ART.
 Methods: It was a single center descriptive cross-sectional study conducted on those ART taking PLHIV who underwent extensive cardiac evaluation by a meticulous clinical examination and investigation with Chest X-Ray (CXR), Electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiography. Excluded were those with past history of heart disease, cardiac surgery and chronic systemic disease before the diagnosis of PLHIV and pregnant women.
 Results: There were total of 381 PLHIV. There was male predominance (54.33%) with mean age of 44.7 years and average duration of ART was 7.8 years. Hypertension (18.9%) was the predominant co-morbid factor. Cardiovascular abnormalities detected by CXR, ECG and echocardiography were 39.3%, 64.6% and 48.8% respectively.
 Conclusions: Cardiac abnormalities are common in ART taking PLHIV; hence comprehensive cardiovascular evaluation is need of the hour.
Highlights
Road traffic injuries and deaths caused by motor vehicles is a growing public health problem all over the world
Among the total Road traffic accident victims presenting to BPKIHS, Dharan, 348 were studied
The morbidity pattern was studied among 318 cases and the mortality pattern was studied among 30 cases which were autopsied (Table 1)
Summary
Road traffic injuries and deaths caused by motor vehicles is a growing public health problem all over the world. Head injury and blunt abdominal trauma are major health problems and are frequent causes of death among Road Traffic Accident (RTA) victims. Pattern of Morbidity and Mortality Due to Road Traffic Accident Cases at BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan. Pattern of Morbidity and Mortality due to Road Traffic Accident Cases at BPKoirala Institute of Health. Trauma are major health problems and are frequent causes of death among RTA victims.[3] The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) is an anatomically based, consensus derived, global severity scoring system that classifies an individual injury by body region according to its relative severity on a 6 point scale.[4] Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), has subsequently been applied to large series of traffic accidents by[5] to traffic and non-traffic accidents by6and to multiple traumatized patients by.[7]
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